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BYZANTINE MUSIC

for the project Meltin 'Choir of Cantabile [ www.cantabile.it ] I gave a seminar on Music Balkan .

A presentation that has been proposed as a powerful critique of the so-called Balkan music , on our way to (not) deal with that area, on the superficiality of our classifications. As I will try to give an account of the materials that I proposed at that time.

see post Ljubica Maric, January 31, 2011

What follows' a trace of topics and resources.

is usually meant by BYZANTINE MUSIC the music of the liturgy of ' Eastern Roman Empire, the fourth century AD to the conquest of political and cultural center -Costantinopoli/Bizanzio- by the Ottomans in 1453. In the category Byzantine Music is also including liturgical and musical tradition of the Orthodox Christian churches that are inspired by it, so a vast repertoire , originally written in Greek, then in the national language, has spread in the Balkans, Russia, and the Mediterranean, including Italy [liturgies greek-Albanian].

This linguistic diversity, in contrast with the unity of Latin preserved by the Church of Rome, has given way to a wide variety local adaptations and transformations that are problematic for the relationship between the current chant practiced by the ancient Eastern churches and liturgical manuscripts. The same assessment applies to the influence that the Arab and Turkish music exerted on Byzantine chant, changing the original characters, integrating methods and styles still in use.

The same notation as for that of the Roman Liturgy, presents the usual problems of interpretation since the oldest known ecfonetica (declamatory), in use between the eighth and thirteenth centuries, appears to be a simple memory trace for the singers and the officiating. The most recent, between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries, that melodic , Does contain signs and symbols that enable a fairly accurate transcription.

On the reconstruction of Byzantine manuscripts and transcription is available on the web a very interesting study, in Italian, Doneda Anna, a lecturer at the Faculty of Musicology at the University of Padova, Byzantine manuscripts of liturgical music: types and organization ,

http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/26/54/5.AnnalisaDoneda.pdf

Codex AA5
Badia di Grottaferrata
1101 AD

[see also: Sandra Martan, " music, theology and liturgy. On the trail of an interpretation of the Byzantine notation ecfonetica . " in International journal of sacred music , 20 / 2 (1999), 9-47,]

Given the theology behind the practice Byzantine and musical composition - the hymns are the songs of heaven, sent by angels, came to mind dell'innografo, which does not have to do is write it down - the liturgical compositions tend to be structurally rigid and do change when the second the principle that the West will be known as that of variation.

As the title says, a brief guide: Stanley J. Takis, Beginning to Learn the Byzantine Musical Notation System Using Western Theory and

www.newbyz.org / byzantine_music_for_western_musicians.pdf

Also in introductory form, from examples on the staff: The Mnemonic Verses . A Quick and Easy Guide to the Byzantine Tones J. Suchy-Pilalis in www.newbyz.org/ModeMnemonics3.pdf

while here: www.newbyz.org / psalmodia.pdf a complete guide, always in English: Reading Psalmodia. An introduction to modern Byzantine Notation , David J. Melling.

A collection liturgical very wide, with greek text and English and all necessary transcripts in Western notation:

www.newbyz.org / complete_liturgy_book.pdf

the parent site http://newbyz.org/ you can have a wide choice of liturgical texts into Western notation, greek and English text and audio.

A current musicology has sought to trace the Byzantine repertoire and forms to that of classical Greece . This interpretation, however, was rejected by most scholars, including Egon Wellesz . His A History of Byzantine Music and Hymnography , Oxford, 1961, is still the cornerstone of research on the topic

[you can read in:

http://byzantineee.blogspot.com/2010/11/history-of-byzantine-music-and.html or http://www.scribd.com/doc / 9629654/A-History-of-Byzantine-Music-and-Hymnography [E 'was reissued in Frascati, 2005, with CD, the "old" but important study of late Lawrence, Ancient melurgia Byzantine , Bocca, 1938]

Modern representation of Kassia
Kisterova Elena, 1999

Byzantine world comes to us from the first known music written by a woman, Kassia or Kassian, Kassiani, Casia, Ikasia, Cassia, Cassiani, Kassian, Eikasía , lived between the 'el 810' 865.

Upon you see in Books - Google, with four pages are not available, Lynda Garland (ed) Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800-1200: Anna M. Silvas, "Kassia the Nun " Ashgate, 2006.
What you can 'listen here is the first part of Troparion of which is given in the original text and English translation.

Kyrie, the Pole en amarties peripesousa ghini, tin syn esthomeni theotita, myrophorou analavoussa taxi odhyromeni, good as pro tou entaphiasmou komizi. Imi! leghousa, OTI my Nyx iparchi, istros akolasias, zophodhis to have aselinos, eross amartias tis. Dhekse mou ton dhakryon pighas bowl, o nepheles dhieksaghon tis thalassis to hydhor. Tous Pros my Kamphthiti stenaghmous kardhias tis, o klinas Tous ouranous, you aphato kenosi sou. Tous Kataphiliso achrandous podhas sou, aposmikso toutous and Palli, mou tis tis kephalis vostrichis; on en to paradhiso Eva to dhilinon, Kroto tiss osin ichithisa, to phovo ekrivi. Amartion mou ta plithi, ke krimaton sou avisous, tis eksichniasi psychososta Sotir mou? Mi me tin sin dhoulin paridhis, o ametriton echon to eleos.

Sensing your divinity Lord, a woman of many sins, takes it upon herself to become a myrrh bearer and in deep mourning brings before you fragrant oil in anticipation of your burial; crying: "Woe to me! What night falls on me, what dark and moonless madness of wild-desire, this lust for sin. Take my spring of tears You who draw water from the clouds, bend to me, to the sighing of my heart, You who bend the heavens in your secret incarnation, I will wash your immaculate feet with kisses and wipe them dry with the locks of my hair; those very feet whose sound Eve heard at the dusk in Paradise and hid herself in terror. Who shall count the multitude of my sins or the depth of your judgment, Saviour of my soul? Do not ignore your handmaiden, You whose mercy is endless".

Si può ben dire che Kassia    sia la Hildegard von Bingen   East [for Hildegard see the namesake of post June 22, 2010 ] .

See also http://www.hellenicnest.com/dianeII.html with contributions from Diane Touliatos -Miles that on Kassia worked hard.

followed by a series of links and in-depth is listening:

The Divine Music Project

http://stanthonysmonastery.org/music/Index.html

Site width, in English, with a lot of material explanation / documentation, scores, listening to audio.

Center for Byzantine Studies of Iasi [Romania] CSBI - www.csbi.ro  

Importante perché consente di scaricare previa semplice registrazione- gli studi che compaiono sull’annuario Acta Musicae Byzantinae .

Vedi ad esempio:   Hieromonk Ephraim : A Comparison of the Quantitative, Qualitative, and Spiritual Differences Between Byzantine and Western Music  , in Acta Musicae Byzantinae VIII

Very interesting example of the short transcript from a manuscript in modern melodic notation in www.csbi.ro/img/fotizuP2.pdf

Analogion www.analogion.com / index.html

This, too, in English, with a lot of downloadable audio material, not always easy.

Byzantine Chant Studies Page

edited by Daniel Johnson www.theologian.org / chant

application, with many texts transcribed in modern notation, audio files and many links.

On the same site www.theologian.org / choir.html many transcripts in Western notation, four-part harmonies and corresponding sounds.

In www.sv-luka.org/pevnica/index1.htm scores and sound liturgical music of Serbia, also in as defined by the musician Stevan Stojanović Mokranjac , 1856-1914, the most significant Serbian composer of religious music and more.

Here his Tebe Poem sung by the Choir Colibri: www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wNFsQKTIx8&feature=PlayList&p=EAE50688D924F821&playnext=1&playnext_from PL = & index = 42

Here: www1.cpdl.org/wiki/images/sheet/mok-tebe.pdf the score full Tebe Poem of Mokranjac .

in his other scores: www1.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Stevan_Mokranjac

Other songs of tradition Serbian liturgical can be heard in: http://digilander.libero.it/ortodossia/Cantoserbo.htm [the header of the site contains a "ritual lament" on the sufferings of the Serbian people and its Saints deserves a careful analysis of cultural and political] developed by musicians such as academic Kosta Manojlovic (1890-1949), Kornelije Stankovic (1831-1865), Vladimir Milosavljevic (1951) and others, as well the same Mokraniac.

A huge selection of sheet music religious music of Serbian authors possibility to download and, in some cases, audio

www.sv-djordje.org / delapoautoru.php? jezik = en

A summary is in the chapter by Alexander Lingas, Music and Liturgy in the Orthodox tradition in the first volume of the Encyclopedia of Music , published by Einaudi , 2004.

http://www.beic.it/ : annotated list of bibliographic resources for bizantinistica in general. You can download in pdf format, easier to type and BEIC bizantinistica on the engine Google

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Proverbs - Twenty-fourth meeting

Even today the appointment back on Monday with the Book of Proverbs. We have reached the twenty-fourth chapter, which gives good advice, as always, for good conduct and instructs:

1I envy wicked men,
not want to be with them;
2poiché their hearts plot ruins
and their lips ailments that do not express.
3BY wisdom you build the house
and with prudence is made solid;
4BY science fill its rooms
precious of all goods and delicious.
5A wise man is worth more than a strong,
a wise man more than one full of vigor,
6perché prudent with the decisions you make war
and Victory lies in the number of directors.
7E too high wisdom to the fool,
the gate he can not open my mouth.
8Chi plots to do evil
called humbug.
9THE respect of a fool is sin
and bold is the abomination of men.
10If you demean the day of doom,
little is your strength.
11Libera those who are led to death
and saves those who are dragged to the scaffold.
12Se say, "Look, I do not know anything,"
perhaps one who does not understand it weighs the hearts?
He who watches over your life you know;
he will reward each according to his works.
13Mangia, my son, honey, he is good
and sweet will be the comb to your palate.
14Sappi that this is wisdom for you:
if the purchases, you will have a future
and your hope will not be crushed.
15Non undermine, or evil, the abode of the righteous,
not destroy his house,
16perché if the just man falls seven times, he rises again, but
the wicked perish in misfortune.
17Non you cheer the fall of your enemy
and rejoice your heart, when he succumbs,
18perché the Lord and see if they displease
and away from his anger.
19Non fret the wicked
not envy the wicked,
20perché there will be no future for the evil
and the lamp of the wicked will die.
21Temi the Lord, my son, and the king;
Do not rebel against one or the other,
22perché sudden rise their revenge
and who knows what havoc will do one or the other?

23Anche these are words of the wise.
Having personal preferences in court is not good.
24Se one says to the wicked, "You are innocent,"
peoples will curse him, nations the much-maligned,
25mentre everything will be fine for those who do justice,
will pour upon them the blessing.
26Dà a kiss on the lips
who responds with words straight.
27Sistema your business outside
and made field work
and then build yourself a home.
28Non lightly witness against your neighbor
and do not deceive with your lips.
29Non say, 'What did to me so I will make him
render to each as he deserves. "
30Sono passed by the camp of a lazy,
the vineyard of a foolish man:
31ecco wherever the weeds had grown,
the ground was covered with thistles
and the fence Stone was in ruins.
32Osservando, reflecting
and saw, I drew this lesson:
33un little 'sleep, a little' doze,
a little 'cross your arms to rest
34th while walking is the
misery and poverty as a beggar.

COMMENT

even today continues to call the author and do not envy the wicked do not want evil things. There a reason why this call is repeatedly stressed: in fact, the man being by nature inclined to evil, easily comes to envy the wicked, and much more likely to want to come stay with him for his own evil fruits. In our time, many Christians are as blinded by evil, nor sno strongly attracted to and end up envying the position of who benefits from their malignant behavior. Just think of all those Christians who envy even if these leaders have achieved power with any sort of fraud or deceit, or just think of those who seek at all costs to be part of groups of people because evil makes them popular and well regarded. All these things blind children of God who are led astray in abandoning the wisdom in favor of stupidity. For he who follows the evil, no reasons according to wisdom, but in foolishness as they do not see the consequences and dsetino that awaits the wicked he will receive according to his works. A wise man builds his life on the Word of God away from him all desire for evil that may offend God in this way, he knows that God will reward him and will draw much benefit in this life and in the future. ;
Also, remember that God reads the hearts and none of us can be deceiving: When will the time laid down, no reason to believe may not have had knowledge of evil. God sees the depths of the soul, knows the truth and not let himself be deceived by us. Rather, we are men who, driven by sin, we deceive ourselves by closing our eyes to our sinful conduct and refusing to admit the sin. Many Christians do this, justifying the sin, not knowing that he is deceiving himself and not knowing that they can not save himself from the accusations in the Divine Court. That's why we need to carefully consider everything as a parameter using the Gospel and listening to our conscience: only in this way can we avoid deceiving ourselves and groped to deceive the Almighty, who will judge men according to their deeds and not according to their thoughts distorted and misleading.

Another wise counsel anticipates the resounding words of Jesus on enemies: here we see how the author is not eager to enjoy the misery of the wicked, and do not wish for the fall not to cause pain to God in this hall we find the the pronunciation of Jesus that invites people to not curse and not to hate the enemy, but to bless him and love him, " Love your enemies ! We are therefore called to a love that does not cross walks only on people who love us, but also on people who hate us or haunt us: a child of God in this differs from the rest of the world.

A those who are in the position of having to judge, the author calls for fairness and justice: one can not judge according to favoritism or personal pleasures, but only iron according to the canon of justice that can not be manipulated at will.

Finally, a man thought to be lazy: it will be overwhelmed by misery, without even realizing they are too busy to sleep, putting off what needs to be done and to laze ...

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The Book of Job - The Twenty-fourth meeting

Back to follow the dialogues between Job and his friends with The Book of Job: This Sunday we read and meditate on the twenty-sixth chapter, which shows us the Omnipotence and Wisdom the Creator through the wise words of the protagonist of this book and that is Job

26

1Giobbe said

2Quanto help you have given to weak

and how did you rescue the arm without power!

3Quanti good advice you gave ignorant

and how much abundance you have shown the wisdom!

4A Who have you turned the word

and what is the spirit that you came out?

5I dead tremble beneath the earth,

as well as water and their inhabitants.

6Nuda is the grave in front of him

and without a veil is the abyss.

7Egli stretches out the north over the void,

hangs the earth upon nothing.

8Rinchiude waters in the clouds,

not pierce the clouds and under their own weight.

9Copre the sight of his throne

its cloud spread over it.

10ha drew a circle on the water,

to the border between light and darkness.

11 The pillars of heaven shake,

are taken by surprise with its threat.

12THE force stirs the sea

and intelligently doma Raab.

13Al his breath the skies will brighten,

stabs his hand crooked serpent.

14Ecco, these are only the margins of his works;

how quiet is the whisper we hear of him!

But the thunder of his power who can understand?

COMMENT

Truly the Lord has given as aid to the weak. When the man lifts his heart to his God and Creator and calls for help, will not fail the help of the Father. Trusting in God, believe that He hears us and will help us, have faith. Faith, a very important and necessary in the way of every man. Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew tells us: Verily I say unto you if you have faith as a grain of mustard seed, you will say to this mountain, 'Move from here to there, and it will move, and nothing will be impossible (17:20). The Lord loves the weak and miserable, he comes to their aid and support a just cause. Manifest to the humble wisdom, dispenses advice to the ignorant. Job know this much to exclaim the opening words of ch. XXVI in response to his friend Bildad. The items that Job is followed to cross the line drawn from the innate Bildad and that is the exaltation of the Creator for whom nothing is impossible, nothing's hard and nothing can hurt him. To his breath , Job says, the heavens find rest, as we also reassures us before His Word. How many times in distress, opening the Bible or the Gospel, we find comfort in God's Word? This is because there is life in His words; or I am the Way, the Truth and the Life (Jn 14:6), there is truth because they know what it is, are the way that lead us salvation

contemplate the power of the Lord must be part of our retreats. Job contemplation and contemplation test in this wonder before the greatness of God through the great things he created. Look at the immensity of the sky, the vast boundaries of the oceans, scan the vast distances between stars and the other, helps us to learn gradually, without interrupting the infinite greatness of the Creator. God is infinite and eternal and eternity is not enough to know Him. Blessed are you who are hungry now , saith the Lord, ye shall be filled : God is infinite soul food and the soul never dies of hunger in He ever be satisfied because there will always be food. Already here on earth we started this journey: when we contemplate the Lord hear our soul nutristi of warmth and gentle light, and this path, if we want it, will be eternal, and even beyond this life, if we have persevered in ways of love, we will live the greatest joys.

Next Sunday we will read the rest of Job's response.

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Saturday of the Psalms - Psalm 43

Psalm 43

[1] Vindicate me, O God,
plead my cause against ruthless people;
deliver unfair and deceitful man.
[2] You are the God of my defense, because I reject
,
sad because I'm leaving,
oppressed by the enemy?
[3] Send your truth and your light to guide me whether
,
take me to your holy mountain and to your homes.
[4] is the altar of God,
the God of my joy, my delight.
to you sing with the harp, God, my God.
[5] Why are you cast down, O my soul,
why groan within me?
Hope in God: for I shall again praise him,
him, my Savior and my God

COMMENT

Psalm now is a new invocation to God for the defense and liberation from evil. King David takes refuge in the Lord for protection from the evil that surrounds him and the evil that haunts him from the temptation. We should take example and seek refuge in the Lord whenever we are prey to the temptations of the devil: we have a great defense and we are not able to benefit because we do not have enough faith. If we had faith in God, we would not have doubts or hesitation in invoking the Lord our God to defend us from all evil.

addition, we also ask God to receive the Truth and the Light are represented by Jesus Christ: He is Truth and Light and following him what you need to fight evil and to attain the Kingdom of Heaven .

Even today, the psalmist is also addressed to his soul, inviting her to not grieve and hope in the Lord. So today, we join the psalmist in saying my soul, hope in God my savior he and my God

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SONG OF SISTER BIKE

Karel Čapek

entitled as a paragraph of my book / guide Amsterdam published in several Unit labor costs from the first edition and then, unfortunately, from De Agostini.

The comments taken here as it is.

" Citizens of Amsterdam! Enough with the terror of middle-class motorized asphalt! Every day the masses offer new sacrifices to the last master that you are bent: the authorities. The carbon monoxide is stifling their incense, the sight of thousands of cars, roads and canals infected. The plan Provo bicycle us release from this monster. Provo launches white bicycle common property " August 1965, the White Bicycle Plan Provos

always came first. When there was a race he would one kilometer from the finish and when they were come to the vanguard was thrown on the pedals and triumphantly walked straight to the finish. For us guys had a riot. "Magnan " again Once he had won them all. The very first race for us was always just a "second" behind Magnan, who in normal days pedaled on a real race bike dressed as Fausto Coppi to win our enthusiastic " Forsa Magnan! "

why they are magnanimous with Amsterdam, Republic of the bike. If you think that "rural " is an adjective indicating a person or a product that comes from the country, then you belong to a culture in danger of extinction. " Campagnolo " is a marvel of technology that allows you to change "multiply" and to adapt the bike to the rider's intentions as well as all'assetto of the road. If you think that 2000 turbo, counter-rotating balance shafts, intercooler and boost-drive are the language of the future, your fate is sealed. Future generations will remember you with curiosity, nothing more. When to use the car in the city will be considered a terrorist act and the bike will rule supreme.

" Hubs ", " cranks," " cockerels " is the vocabulary to be learned as of now, the art of bicycle maintenance philosophy to be acquired. Going to Amsterdam is also this: a look at the future of cities. Or rather, the bet on them and our survival: If the cities of the future generations will be multiplied by 100, Turin, Naples, Bangkok, during peak hours. For Amsterdam the battle is not yet lost. Litter drive does not have clogged the existence of the city. The bicycle as a machine tries to resist the future, energy saving, body building . " And I step to the wide streets / and I talk to the tram and to machinery and speak to a cyclist grasshopper / I do not feel. / And I step through the narrow streets / and greeting well-known bicycle thieves " [ Andreus Hans, 1926-1977].
For Amsterdam the bike lives with the car, before it becomes the prerogative of the underdeveloped nations. It is not a single object, but a collective entity, a colony of beneficial bacteria that reproduces itself, leaving the street as infertile. Frames, saddles, handlebars, wheels, bike carcasses, fertilize the urban space, from which, at night, other bikes that are born and then got on with locals. Nobody is excluded: the young bank officers, senior engineers, professors, middle-aged butcher of the province, workers at the port, all democratically ride pretty much the same ramshackle machine two wheels, an extension of their bodies. All have the force of inertia which generates the ride, all are creatively themselves while in the pack. A frenzy of bicycles singing that brings fun and quiet.

"A bicycle is nothing, but that's something " reiterated Bicycle Plan Blank of Provos. Shooting dell'anarcociclismo form a critical mass against the dogma of modernity at all costs, against the myth of the exhibition of power. sequestrerà Police bikes white because, without a lock, "incitement to theft " !

" In the middle of the deserted road lay a bike with the front wheel continued to spin up - a dramatic effect, which later would not have failed to be brought to the fore in films about the Resistance [ Mulisha Harry, 1927 -].

Tourists amsterdamesi aware it will append to the other with their bikes, they will follow the developments and rituals:

• high handlebars and saddle if you would whiz Flying Dutch blondes like anime,

• packages and racks to the rear wheel if he wants to prove his intimacy with the city;

• riding long and strong if he will not immediately reveal his Italian automotive torpor ;

• ringing bright and determined, and sovereign contempt of obstacles - especially the intrusive "amsterdammerties" ubiquitous stone posts salacious subject to caricature;

• safe direction towards Leliesgracht 22 accessory for any bicycle; •

arduous search of the car park with two wheels and bracing in each urban ledge, as if the city bike and cling together.

Especially our Mediterranean tourist will soon realize that the Dutch do not have brakes visible cycles, are "fixed wheel . Braking that is pushing the pedals backwards. Operation that requires more coordination that downshifting in a Maserati in the corners. The solution for the "fixed wheel" is obvious: the bike is a total machine, not just for the weekend in the parks when it's sunny, but it is an efficient means of urban transport. Even when it is raining and an umbrella is convenient and sledging from the brake shoe rim wet. Even when you have to carry bulky items and only one hand is on the handlebar. Even with a child in front and one behind, even with her boyfriend and his aunt on the back seat. The cargo-bike have successfully solved the problem of transport of multiple childhood or pacchettatura cumbersome.

We are in the North and, as he said Glenn Gould, the North makes philosophers. Cold, rain do not affect this philosophy bicyclo. " and rain of autumn / walking along the summer, / is the unspoken wonder / long rumored that ( Guillaume van der Graft , 1920-1954]. Amsterdam and the rain did not contradict each other, they exchange moisture, the feelings are relax, the quiver in small gardens and bike Lonely finally knows the city. " Rorate coeli, Hallelujah" seem to sing wings and pinions. good opportunity for tourists to recite the last part of the non-tourist.

The city will be full of favors and prizes for the traveler that the caress on two wheels. It reveals how any other woman or man and Finally, the velocipede try the enjoyment of cycling in the urban future.

If you recognize the pedal power www.cycletours.nl then get on and drive along the bike paths of Holland and Amsterdam, but if you want the Iliad and the bike then you have turn to the Bible cycling: www.biciedintorni.org/bici_web/

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Sirach - Twenty appointment

continues the 'appointment Friday with Ben Sira, who arrived today in the twenty-second chapter focuses once again on the figure of the fool and the consequences of his actions:

22

1The lazy is like a stone smeared,

each whistle in his contempt.

2The lazy is like a ball of dung,

who picks shakes his hand.

3Vergogna for a father to have a child rude,

the case of a daughter, was his undoing.

4BY VIRTUE prudent daughter will be a treasure for her husband,

disgraceful that a pain for those who generated it.

5The blatant dishonor the father and husband,

and from both will be despised.

6 as the mourning music during the speeches out of time,

but whips and correct in every time is wisdom.

7Incolla shards who teaches a fool

wake up a sleeper from deep sleep.

8Ragiona a sleepy who think with a fool;

the end he will say: "What is it?".

9Piangi for the dead, because he has lost the light;

a fool to cry because he lost his senses.

10Piangi less sadly one dead, which now rests,

but the life of a fool is worse than death.

11The mourning for the dead, seven days

for a foolish and wicked every day of his life.

12THE a fool not to prolong the discussion,

not attend the foolish;

13guàrdati from him, to have no trouble

and not contaminated to your request.

away from him and you will find peace,

not be annoyed by his ignorance.

14Che's heavier than lead?

And what is his name, but "the fool"?

15Sabbia, salt, iron ball

are easier to bring a sense.

16Una half-timbered house in a well-connected

not shakes in an earthquake,

a heart so decided after mature reflection

will not fail in time of danger.

17Un heart based on wise reflection

is like a plaster on a wall finished.

18Una fence post on a hill

before the wind can not resist,

a heart so wretched, based on his fantasies,

before any fear can not resist.

19Chi stings an eye will make tears

who discover its heart a stinging feeling.

20Chi throws stones at birds, put them to flight,

offends a friend who broke the friendship.

21Se have unsheathed the sword against a friend,

not despair, there may be a return.

22ALTHOUGH you opened your mouth against a friend,

fear not, there can be reconciliation,

except if of insult and arrogance,

of secrets revealed and a shot at treason

in these cases any friend will disappear.

23Conquìstati confidence neighbor in his poverty

to enjoy with him in his prosperity.

restagli close in time of trouble,

order to share in his inheritance.

24Prima steam and smoke of the fire in the fireplace,

like this before the shedding of blood injuries.

25Non I be ashamed to protect a friend,

not hide myself in front of him.

26Se evil happen to me because of her,

anyone who learns that he must guard.

27Chi will put a guard over my mouth,

a seal on my lips prudent

because I did not fall because of them

and my language is not my ruin?

COMMENT

We once again reflected on the condition of fools through the wise words of this beautiful book of wisdom. The purpose of this Scripture is not to put brother against brother, but ask you to reflect order not to fall into bad behavior an abomination to the Lord, but to follow the ways of wisdom are ways of love. Jesus Christ calls us to love the sinners, not their conduct and does not invite us but 'to follow in their footsteps. In fact, Jesus sat at table with sinners but not sharing their flaws. So we too are called to be kind to all, however, without attending to their companies that are very dangerous for the spiritual health of those who attended as those who follow the offenders liable to become in turn.

This Scripture must not be used as an excuse to turn against the brothers, because as mentioned above, and the Old Testament is not intended to set men against men, because God is consistent and could not command to love our neighbor and then say to hate him. Usually you use the Bible to satisfy their feelings, instead it should be read with the availability to listen and then obey the Word of God. All these reflections on fools serve to make us understand how we would become senseless and unfortunate if they practice foolish conduct. Jesus says in Matthew chapter five: 38 You have heard that it was said eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth ; 39 but I tell you resist not evil: but if one strikes you on the right cheek, you turn to him the other also 40 and who wants to sue you and take your tunic, let him have your coat. 41 And whosoever shall compel thee to go one mile, go with him two. 42 Da 'who asks you, and those who want a loan you do not turn away. 43 You have heard that it was said love your neighbor and hate your enemy: 44 but I tell you: Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, 45 because you may be sons of your heavenly Father, who makes his sun rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the just and the unjust. 46 For if you love those who love you, what reward do you have? Do not even the publicans? 47 And if you greet your brethren only, what are you doing than others? Do not even pagans? 48 Be perfect as your heavenly Father is perfect.

A foolish son is definitely a great pain for his father and mother, but Jesus teaches us how to convert even the hardest heart to love. The Word of God is eternal woe to think that he has changed his mind. Today, if someone is beaten up and defend himself, which was self-defense is justified. But Jesus is God clearly tells us to turn the other cheek and to pray for our persecutors.

made clear, we return to reflect on the figure of a fool whose actions never leads to anything good, indeed the whole will fall on the head if you do not convert. And here we come in, we Christians called by Jesus to do his Father's will to heal sinners. Not the healthy who need a doctor, says Jesus, but the sick and also tells us that even as the Father sent Him, so He sends us. We therefore have a duty to love all beyond the conduct of their practice. We must always hate the sin but never the sinner. Jesus tells us that on you if you greet your friends, do good to your friends, she says, give your greetings to all, do good to the poor, those who can not reciprocate.

Friendship is an important sense, the fruit of love. Whoever loves a brother earns the friendship. Betrayed his friends to satisfy their interests is an evil that will bring only disaster. Many men and many women have lost their friend or their best friend to steal what was not theirs, and in these cases we know people's hearts and therefore we know what their feelings if they are sincere and good or bad. This chapter of Sirach tells us that a friend will forgive us if we said something wrong, but not an insult, not a betrayal, a secret revealed. The chatter and criticism are always damaging for those who practice them. The Lord does not like criticism, and indeed we read in Psalm 100: who slanders his neighbor secretly I will destroy, whoever has haughty eyes and a proud heart can not take this. The Creator loves the humble and not gossip. Unfortunately, the slander is a fault of many, and those who practice it do not know what the Lord hates this conduct because He is God of love and wants all the brothers and sisters love and respect, without attachment and hate each other.

Fools are heavy with their tongue evil, but we must make a sacrifice, to endure in silence without complaining and pray the Lord to convert them. The Kingdom of Heaven Kingdom of Love is pure and great and true love goes beyond the insult, it is beyond the spitting and scorn, in fact, Jesus despite the blows, insults and the spitting continued to love his persecutors. As we said at the beginning, God is eternally consistent and in fact he never contradicts himself as perfect as His love is infinitely great, pure and eternal. Indeed where there is true love is no contradiction. As God said He did it: Love your enemies, pray for them: Jesus loved those who were beaten and asked the Father for forgiveness for sins committed against Him on the cross. What a great example we have received from God himself, therefore all love, righteous and sinners, we pray for the weak as well as the strong, for the poor as well as for the rich because the Lord says, the Father makes the sun rise and sends rain on good and bad.

Peace and goodwill to all.

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Catechism of the Catholic Church - Part XIV

We continue our quest for knowledge of the Catechism of the Catholic Church last week we read Paragraph 2 of the first chapter: "I believe in God the Father." Today we continue with the third paragraph of the first chapter focuses omnipotence:

Paragraph 3 ALMIGHTY

268 Of all the divine attributes, is named only in the Symbol of the omnipotence of God: to confess is of great importance for our lives. We believe that his might is universal, because God, who created all things, [Cf ⇒ Genesis 1:1; ⇒ Jn 1:3] governs everything and anything can, lover, because God is our Father [cf ⇒ Mt 6:9] mysterious, because faith can only be recognized when "manifests itself in weakness" (⇒ 2 Cor 12.9) [cf ⇒ 1 Cor 1.18].

"He does whatever he wants" (Ps 115.3)

269 The Holy Scriptures repeatedly to the universal power of God He said " the Mighty One of Jacob "(January ⇒ 49.24; ⇒ e. Is 1.24 a)," the Lord of hosts, "the Strong, the Mighty" (24.8 to 10 ⇒ Ps). If God is almighty "in heaven and on earth" (Ps. 135.6 ⇒), it is because he made them. Nothing is impossible [cf ⇒ Jer 32.17; 269 ⇒ Lk 1:37] and features of his work as he pleases [Cf ⇒ Jer 27.5] He is the Lord of the universe, of which fixed the 'order that is entirely subject to him and available, he is the master of history moves hearts and guides the events according to His good pleasure [Cf ⇒ East 4.17 b; ⇒ Pr 21.1, 13.2 ⇒ Tb] . "Prevail by force will always and who can oppose the power of your arm?" (⇒ Wis 11.21).

"You are merciful to all, because all you can"

270 God the Father Almighty. His fatherhood and power shed light on each other. In fact, he shows his fatherly omnipotence in the way you take care of our needs; [cf ⇒ Mt 6.32] through the adoption branch which gives us (I'll be for you as a father, and ye shall be my sons and daughters, saith the Lord Almighty "⇒ 2 Cor 6:18) and finally by his infinite mercy, because he manifests the highest degree of its power by freely forgiving sins.

271 God's almighty power is not arbitrary: "In God, power and essence, the will and the intelligence, wisdom and justice are one and the same thing, so that nothing can be in the divine power that can not be right in God's will or his wise intellect "[St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, I, 25, 5, 1].

The mystery of the apparent impotence of God

272 Faith in God the Father Almighty can be put to the test by the experience of evil and suffering. God can sometimes seem to be absent and incapable of stopping evil. Now, God the Father revealed in the most mysterious way His omnipotence in the voluntary humiliation and Resurrection of his Son, by which he conquered evil. Christ crucified is thus "the power of God and the wisdom of God what is God's foolishness is wiser than men, and the weakness of God is stronger than men" (⇒ 1 Cor 1:24-25). In the resurrection and exaltation of Christ, the Father has deployed "the effectiveness of its force" and expressed "the surpassing greatness of His power toward us who believe" (Eph ⇒ 1.19 to 22).

273 Only faith can embrace the mysterious ways of the omnipotence of God for this faith, we boast of our weaknesses to draw to itself the power of Christ [cf ⇒ 2 Cor 12:9; ⇒ Phil 4:13]. Of this faith is the supreme model of the Virgin Mary: she believed that "nothing is impossible with God" (⇒ Lk 1:37) and was able to magnify the Lord, "has done great things for me, and holy is the His name "(⇒ Lk 1:49).

274 "The firm conviction of the omnipotence of God is worth more than any else to support us in the due sense of faith and hope. Our reason was conquered by the idea of \u200b\u200bGod's almighty power, without doubt, whatever is necessary to believe, no matter how great and wonderful than the ordinary laws of nature. Indeed, the more sublime truths will be revealed by God, the more easily will feel having to assent to [the Roman Catechism, 1, 2, 13].

SUMMARY

275 With Job, the righteous, we confess, "that you can do everything and anything it is impossible for you "(Job 42:2 ⇒).

276 Faithful to the witness of Scripture, the Church often addresses her prayer to "Almighty and eternal God" ("Deus omnipotens sempiternal..."), Believing that "nothing is impossible God "(⇒ January 18.14; ⇒ Lk 1:37; ⇒ Mt 19:26).

277 God manifested his omnipotence by converting us from our sins and restoring us to his friendship with Grace ("Deus, tuam park here omnipo potentiam maxime et manifestas miserable... - O God, you reveal your almighty power above all the mercy and forgiveness. . . ") [Roman Missal, Collect of the twenty-sixth Sunday].

278 without believing that the love of God is omnipotent, how can we believe that the Father was able to create us, redeem the Son, the Holy Spirit sanctify us?

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MSN: to stop the invasion, the army intervenes

In these hours is unprecedented in place a real invasion of our lands by illegal immigrants, following the riots in Libya, Tunisia and Egypt, which are inevitably bringing tens of thousands of desperate people in our country.
As usual, the inaction of our government and the indifference of the European Community are producing an injury that is likely to reach catastrophic proportions if nothing is done with absolute timing.
The only solution to be implemented at this time to stop any landing, which has now become untenable for Italy, is to immediately hand the army garrison of all our borders, both sea and ground, The inclusion of rules of engagement that determine the possibility of using weapons while attempting to remove any vessel from entering our territorial waters.
Like other Mediterranean countries have already demonstrated, Italy also must be able to resolve this emergency firing if necessary, without asking questions of any kind. Sorry but there is no other solution, especially in light of years of constant invasion, which today has led to unsustainable make any entry of aliens.
Nevertheless, we expect all immigrants arriving in recent days to be immediately expelled and taken back to their countries, without exception. This is certainly not the time to release other permits, or to give asylum to anyone.
We hope for the good of the current government in power take note of this situation relatively quickly and therefore intervenes in order to avoid irreparable and worst disasters in our country. In contrast, this issue must take all the heavy responsibilities in front of the Italians and before history. The National Secretariat


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Truth of the Faith - Part V

continue deepening the "Truth of the Faith" through the careful analysis of St. Alphonsus Maria de 'Liguori. Today we will read the chapter V, where once again the Bishop and Doctor of the Church focuses on the existence of God through careful observation of the material and rebuttal declarations of the materialists.


Thus we read what he has to tell us today, the Holy Founder of the Redemptorists on the existence of our Creator, Savior, Lord and God

Truth of the Faith

St. Alphonsus Maria de 'Liguori

CAP. V. It proves the existence of God from the motion of 'bodies, or both of the matter.

1. So materialists say that so the bodies as souls, all is matter, and that this matter has not been created, but she is uncreated and eternal state. But we must consider that the matter is not preserved or if it spreads with the motion. While using the bike live and propagate animals, plants, and thus also for half of the motion have the benefit of 'planets, the winds and rains. Ceasing the motion for a moment here that the rivers lose their way, the sea becomes a lagoon, and are deprived of life all men, brutes, and plants. Or in this movement who is the cause? Let no from itself body can move, because the matter is not viable and inert, besides it is the principle of all philosophers, and it is obvious to everyone that every moving body is moved by others. This other reason can not be another body, because if Let no body can take the bike itself, let alone can give to others. So every body ought to necessarily receive the motion by an agent that is not material but spiritual. Or you ask whence this matter and we see that these bodies have received and get the bike? By others or by themselves? Respond in two ways materialists. Epicurus and Spinoza say that this motion of matter had no beginning, but it's been forever, and always continued to date, e continuerà per via d'impulsi successivi. Ecco come parla Spinoza:  Corpus motum vel quiescens, ad motum vel quietem determinari debuit ab alio corpore, quod etiam ad motum vel quietem determinatum fuit ab alio, et illud iterum ab alio, et sic in infinitum ¹ . Gli stratonici all'incontro col loro maestro Stratone e col moderno signor Tolland dicono che il principio e la causa del moto è nella stessa materia, la quale ha in sé la virtù motrice.

2. Ma rispondiamo che né l'una né l'altra opinione ha sussistenza. Non può sussistere la prima di Epicuro e Spinoza del moto eterno per via di successivi impulsi, per due ragioni. La prima, because the motion is eternal Impertrans, so that if this motion had been eternity, could never arrive at the present time, it should have passed to us for the next leg of infinite pulse, and Infinity, for failing principle, Impertrans, as Aristotle says, and all other philosophers.

3. And he says the same reason, because an infinite number of these pulses, reaching the present time, should have final say, but this is a clear contradiction to say that the infinite finite. And so, if the world was eternity, eternity and were human generations, no man could be born, and why? because no man would be a time to be born, until he was last an infinite number of generations. But the infinite number is impossible to scroll, scroll for this infinite power, and come to an end, should have taken the beginning. So after giving us time to build a man who is born, we should give the beginning and end forever, and that is impossible.

4. Also speaks well to the p. Valsecchi, and says if this last body ought to be given by other bikes, because it is inert, it ought still to be determined, the other second above it, and so the third and fourth, and if all are bodies, because not all have the same need? Perhaps because they are endless, changing nature? If they are all bodies, all are inert, unable to move. So apart from their infinite multitude hath always need a spiritual principle that has given them motion, saying that none of them could not have or give, or else to assume this endless succession of impulses eternity, would assume the effect without the cause and passion without action. Each bike in the field is produced by an extrinsic agent, but in this system of Epicurus there is no cause that produces the motion. If the body A pushes B, B and C drives: removing A or B or C have more bikes, otherwise there would be no effect without cause. Nor can it be to suppose the infinite series of pulses, because there is an infinite effect without cause none. Indeed, for this infinite motion of material objects, there should be a first cause he had an infinite power, to be the cause of endless motion. A learned author, theologian Dr. John Hooke of the Sorbonne, in his scholarly work Relig. Nat. et Rev., says: pretend pendesse a chain from heaven to earth, so that she may support a second ring, the third will support two, nine-tenth, the hundredth ninety-nine. So the rings must have more strength than ever degl'inferiori. Or suppose in an endless series of rings, we must also assume an infinite power to support them. So none of these bodies would have had endless motion, had it not been the engine that had given the first impulse, and more from time to time he had renewed. While property de 'motions communicated to' bodies always going to languish, and finally to finish, if you do not have new growth. So the infinite series of pulses remains but the difficulty increases. The same difficulties that Spinoza questioned, he could not dissolve it, and escaped to answer, as you can see from his letters, especially from the point 63.

5. He adds that if the law was eternal and uncreated, she was also required, being self-independent, whence it would necessarily have been more motionless and unchangeable according to its nature of inertia and laziness, because it is of a substance necessary and always keep the second independent its nature. Other then when the matter is considered contingent, because then, as she may be receiving from others who had not, so it can also get the bike that does not in his nature.

6. We come now to the views of Strato, who says that matter has in itself the power to move. This view may not even exist. First place, because as already mentioned, it is precisely the matter to be motionless, and indeed she has a property essentially opposite to the motion, because every body is resistant to changing its state, and therefore the philosophers

say that the strength of the material that is not vis inertiae; and the more or less the size of the body, more or less is the resistance that makes the motion, and with what you know force of inertia that matter. Therefore repugnant to the very nature of matter have intrinsic motion and of itself. In order to see if any motion in the matter, we must say that she is moved by others, according to the common axiom: movetur Omne quod ab alio movetur.

7. Secondly, if the topic if it had motion, she would useless to the construction of the world. As for that same path of motion, so we form things, for the same motion could not then exist. So as before, it is not elle, because of motion would be made, so continuing the matter to move by themselves are disfarebbero. And so the continuing confusion over who would be all the things happen that other incident so repugnant to the nature and experience, who would dispose of the bodies themselves for this same path of motion for which they formed. And in fact constantly points out that those things then you change or are destroyed, never by itself but only by some extrinsic cause are changed or destroyed, because of rest all things naturally tend to the preservation of their own.

8. Moreover, if the matter is he set out for itself, its movements by those who would never set? They will say: the nature of 'bodies. So I say, we would not be possible to stop arbitrary and a matter, a house, a vineyard in one place, as already practiced by us, to obtain this' comfortable that there are necessary or useful to human life because the same material for its intrinsic and natural motion itself trasporterebbesi elsewhere. Nor is the reply that the matter is indifferent to motion and rest, because in fact this replica de 'materialists shows clearly the lack of their system. Since telling them that the matter is irrelevant to the state and to the motion, therefore, we reply, it is false that the subject has in itself the power to move. But to answer directly to their reply, the answer is: yes, the subject is indifferent to motion and rest, and therefore is liable to the motion, and when she is pushed by others, but by itself is not able to move, and even when she is moved, and lacks the strength of the pulse returns to its natural tranquility.

9. In conclusion, therefore, all in short. If it is said that the matter moves with eternal motion, we say that this is impossible. First, because eternity is Impertrans, and since it has no beginning, so he can not go on forever. Second, because having this motion (though eternal) have been produced by an extrinsic cause, can never be supposed, if you are not supposed to still the case which has had the drive, otherwise it would be an effect without cause.

10. If then it is said that the matter has intrinsic virtue in itself to move, we reply that the matter of its very nature is unworkable and stupid, so necessarily had to get the other bike. No, says the Tolland, the motion is an essential property of matter. But we reply that the essential property of an object is the object of which can not be private; v. gr., extension property is essential to every body, so every body ought necessarily to be extended. But not all the bodies, or at least not always in motion, and are indifferent to stay in motion and at rest, then the motion is not an essential property of matter.

11. But we hear the Tolland as evidence that the motion is an essential property of matter. He will try this: Every matter says is divisible divisibility of matter is inconceivable without a bike because the bike is what splits: thus conclusive, the motion is an essential property of matter. But here

is too light the fallacy of this test. Mr. Tolland divisibility confused with the division. Another is the divisibility of matter, the other is division of matter. division can not be conceived without a bike, but can well be conceived without the motion divisibility; because the subject is likely to be divided, but is not likely to divide itself, since it is capable of being move, but is unable to move by itself. And so, since it is an essential property of matter can be moved and divided, so too is its essential property can not be divided either by itself or move, while I was by its nature inert and unworkable. Replica Tolland and says that all matter is in motion by destroying, or increase. But he replied that such a motion is not intrinsic to the material, which is inert, but foreign and extrinsic, caused by external impulses, without which she would always rest. This impulse can not then proceed to other external material body, made for the same reason, because all matter is inert. Therefore must be obtained from an engine which is superior to matter.

12. Nor does the Tolland to say that if the matter is not essential to the motion, at least, it is essential to the slope, the tendency to motion, which he called effort. first place, we say that this is a pure invention chimeric baseless to say that every body has a slope to the motion. But, as in the field there is this dream effort to move, she wonders what part to tilt to move, for right or left? He will say that tilts to move for each side? But for this she will be the same unable to move, because, although it was capable, the same trends are contrary to each other would retain the increasingly immobile and unable to move. So the matter may not have the bike from a principle extrinsic and intangible, that has the virtue of being able to move. I say immaterial; because if the material body, it can not even move, let alone give motion to another body. Now this principle and extrinsic intangible we call to be God, infinitely powerful, free and ruler of all, that not only moves the world, but it moves with such order and symmetry. Just consider only run so smooth and stable of 'heaven and the stars of' planets, to know that can not be other engine, if not a God of infinite power and wisdom. If you see a watch that shows on time and ring the hours, who can ever say that metal has joined himself, and if you still are trained all the wheels, springs and the order in which they walk?

13. And this gives the wonder Rousseau, who, after having demonstrated the existence of God for the motion and order that you see in the world, writes: I believe, therefore, that the world is ruled by a powerful desire and wise, I see it, or rather I feel it, and this is what I care to know. But then this is the same world he created or eternal? There is a single principle of things? There are two or more? And what is their nature? I do not know anything and that I care to know ¹ ? But here's the contradiction. Ben replied Fr Valsecchi 2. If the world were eternal, the two reasons of its motion and order no more prove the existence of God, because ever since the world no longer is God the author. Perhaps the answers that matter is eternal and uncreated, and God then changed it and orders? But if matter is eternal, then she is saying and is independent, and if it is independent, as God was able to modify it and order it? But since he has modified it and ordered his will, we must still say that he has created. But back to our point, from everything that has been said that the matter siegue it receives all its forces from the divine efficacy, which all its motions are just effects

the will of God, which by itself or immediately, or other bodies created to move all his pleasure, and that the whole order of things in this world is not from God, who governs and regulates the whole. And therefore the philosopher Newton wisely says that the knowledge of God because of 'experimental philosophy is for the phenomena.

14. But before I finish this chapter does not want to leave to adduce a bell'argomento that some material at the p. Valsecchi a door in favor of his materialism. Who knows, says, who are not being thousand springs and forces likely to produce such and such effects? This is the study degl'increduli modern, not to prove what they say, but cast doubt all these things are also clear with the usual phrases: We do not know what it's nature, because may not be so and so.? But the author found that his Who knows, would be to try at least possible that there may be forces and sources in being able to produce effects without the divine hand. But when we have proved that matter can not move, because it is by its nature inert and not likely to move, that is to say: Who knows who are not being thousand springs and forces are able to produce such and such effects? Responds lepida Fr Valsecchi this inept Who knows, and says the air and who knows there are forces likely to make us believe that there is a city of Constantinople, and that there really is? And then it speaks well: it is impossible that there are forces in nature that without God possan give existence to this world. Because these forces are, or identification with the corporeal world, or are different from this world. It is impossible to empathize with others, because the material she being unable to act, he could never train or a car that can withstand motion and order. Especially since the world has united to the souls' bodies, which are spiritual, as demonstrated in the following chapter, and therefore can not be produced by matter being totally different in nature. And if these forces are different from this world body, or elle are dependent on a principle top straps, and then they are not the first causes of the world, but because such a principle is something from which they derive strength. If the meeting are independent of any principles, then you can not ch'elleno, being purely material, and consequently without wisdom and mindless, abbian able to form, and can hold up this world, so stand up and be in the order and symmetry with which they view the world existence, has been and will always need a great mind and a supreme wisdom. Furthermore, if these forces were independent of other principle, would be self-elle, and consequently necessary, eternal and infinite, and since many would be more independent and infinite beings. Lastly, asking: this being where such forces and sources, he is saying and independent? And if it is self-independent, ought to have all this being, mind, power and wisdom and everything infinitely, and if it goes well, he is God, already different from the world and the subject, but author of the subject and the world.

____________________________

an Ethic. p. 2. prop. 13. Emil

1. t. 1.

2 L. 1. c. 2.

1 L. 1. c. 3. No 13.